Excavations at Nalanda in Bihar, 1920s–30s— uncovered remarkable remains of the great Buddhist university that thrived from the 6th to 12th centuries CE. Archaeologists revealed rows of monasteries and stupas, including the main stupa and numerous small votive shrines erected by devotees. Stucco figures, terracotta plaques, inscribed stones, and finely wrought plaster reliefs depicting the Deer and the Wheel of Law were brought to light. Conservation efforts also restored gateways and monastery walls, while notable finds included images of the Buddha in the preaching pose and a Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara. These discoveries highlighted Nalanda’s architectural brilliance and enduring legacy as a global center of learning and Buddhist philosophy.
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