உலக வரலாற்றில் தனக்கென ஒரு இடத்தை வகித்துக்கொண்ட ஆளுமை நெப்பொலியன் போனபார்ட். அவர் வாட்டர்லூ போரில் தோற்ற இருநூறாவது ஆண்டு இன்று (18-06-1815)
1769 ஆம் ஆண்டு ஆகஸ்ட் மாதம் 15 ஆம் தேதி, கோர்சிக்காவில் உள்ள அசாக்சியோவில் பிறந்த நெப்போலியன் உருவத்தில் சிறியவர், ஆற்றலில் அற்புதமானவர்.
1814ம் ஆண்டு நெப்போலியனைப் பதவியில் இருந்து இறக்கி எல்பாத் தீவுக்கு நாடு கடத்தியபோதும் சில மாதங்களிலே அங்கிருந்து மீண்டு வந்து இழந்த தன் அரசைக் கைப்பற்றினவர்.
1815ல் நடந்த வாட்டர்லூ போரில் நெப்போலியன் வெற்றி பெற்றிருந்தால் உலக சரித்திரமே மாற்றிப் போடப்பட்டிருக்கும். வெறும் 24மணி நேரத்தில் நெப்போலியனின் போனர்பார்ட்டுடைய தோல்வி பல சரித்திர மாற்றங்களை நிகழ்த்தியது. இதே போலவே எட்டுத்திசைகளையும் ஏறெடுத்துப் பார்க்க வைத்த கிரேக்கப்புயல் என்று வர்ணிக்கப்படும் மற்றொரு மாவீரன் 'அலெக்ஸாண்டர் தி கிரெட்' .
வாட்டர்லூவில் நெப்போலியன் போனபார்ட் வெற்றி பெற்றிருக்க வேண்டும். அதற்கான திறமைகளும் அனுபவங்களும் அவருக்கு உண்டு. அதே போல தேவையற்ற சில கரிசனங்களும் அவருக்கு உண்டு. வாட்டர்லூ தோல்விக்குப் பின் ஆறு ஆண்டுகள் சென் ஹெலெனாத் தீவில் சிறை வைக்கப்பட்டு இறந்தார்
மொத்தத்தில் அவர் ஒரு ஆளுமை. 200 ஆண்டுகள் முன் நிகழ்ந்த அவரது தோல்வியினால் உலக வரலாறே மாறிவிட்டதே!
-கே.எஸ். இராதாகிருஷ்ணன்.
18-05-2015.
The Battle of Waterloo: is this the most British conversation ever to be held on a battlefield?
All the key characteristics of Britishness – self-restraint, determination and courage in the face of adversity – in one verbal exchange.
It’s sometimes difficult to believe in this era of selfies, social media and reality TV, but we Brits used to be famous for our emotional reserve. No matter how challenging the circumstances, we would never allow our upper lip to be anything other than stiff. We would rather die than betray our true feelings in public.
And nobody exemplifies that great British sang-froid (to use a French phrase) better than the Earl of Uxbridge, the cavalry commander at the Battle of Waterloo.
One of the stand-out heroes of the bloody clash that took place 200 years ago today, Uxbridge fought with supreme bravery, launching repeated charges against the French. Eight horses were shot from under him.
But it was in the dying moments of the battle that the commander sealed his reputation as one of Britain’s most self-contained and unflappable soldiers. Riding next to Wellington as cannon shot hurtled across the battlefield, he turned to the Iron Duke and uttered the brilliant conversation-starter: “By God, Sir, I’ve lost my leg.”
To which Wellington replied, with equal restraint: “By God, Sir, so you have.”
The exchange has gone down in history as the example non plus ultra of British reserve. And Uxbridge maintained the same extraordinary composure when doctors performed an amputation.
The field of Waterloo the morning after the battle, as depicted by John Heaviside Clark “His lordship was perfectly cool, his pulse was calm and regular, as if he had just risen from his bed in the morning, and he displayed no expression of uneasiness though his suffering must have been extreme,” wrote John Robert Hume, the Deputy Inspector of Medical Staff.
When Hume told the patient that the operation needed to start as soon as possible (to prevent the spread of gangrene), Uxbridge replied: “Very well, I am ready.”
Hume then took the knife in his hand.
“Tell me when you are going to begin,” said Uxbridge.
“Now, my Lord,” replied Hume.
Uxbridge laid his head on his pillow, put his hand up to his eyes, and said to the doctor: “Whenever you please.”
Despite the amputation going ahead without anaesthetic, Hume wrote in his report that the earl, “neither uttered groan or complaint nor gave any sign of impatience or uneasiness” (although he is reported to have remarked at one stage that the knife appeared a little blunt).
Afterwards, the doctor noted that Uxbridge’s skin was still “perfectly cool” and his pulse “gave only 66 beats to the minute.”
“So far was he from exhibiting any symptoms of what he had undergone in his countenance,” continued the doctor, “that I am quite certain, had anyone entered the room, they would have inquired [sic] of him where the wounded man was.”
In recognition of his bravery and the crucial part he played in the victory at Waterloo, Uxbridge was made 1st Marquis of Anglesey by the Prince Regent. He later went on to serve two terms as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, gaining praise for his even-handed treatment of Catholics and Protestants and for his establishment of a comprehensive education system.
He wasn’t without his flaws. In fact, the earl, real name Henry Paget, had a sex life that had more in common with, dare we say, a typical French man, than an inhibited Brit.
Before Waterloo, in 1809, the married father-of-eight scandalised society by eloping with Lady Charlotte Wellesley, the wife of Wellington’s brother, Henry (which might explain Wellington’s rather unemotional reaction to Uxbridge having his leg blown off). The affair led to a pistol duel on Wimbledon Common with Lady Charlotte’s brother, Col Henry Cadogan. (Cadogan missed and Uxbridge refused to return fire.)
When Wellington was ordered to accept Uxbridge as his second-in-command at Waterloo by the Prince Regent and the Duke of York, both of whom were fans of the earl, Wellington remarked drily to an acquaintance: “Lord Uxbridge has the reputation of running away with everybody he can. I’ll take good care he don’t run away with me.”
After the battle, Wellington admitted Uxbridge had fought courageously. And it was not just the newly-appointed Marquis of Anglesey who was honoured; the earl’s amputated leg became something of a celebrity itself. M. Hyacinthe Joseph-Marie Paris, who owned the house where the operation took place, asked if he could bury the leg in his garden and later erected a tombstone.
It read: “Here lies the Leg of the illustrious and valiant Earl Uxbridge, Lieutenant-General of His Britannic Majesty, Commander in Chief of the English, Belgian and Dutch cavalry, wounded on the 18 June 1815 at the memorable battle of Waterloo, who, by his heroism, assisted in the triumph of the cause of mankind, gloriously decided by the resounding victory of the said day.”
The tomb went on to become a shrine and a tourist attraction, visited by such illustrious figures as the King of Prussia and the Prince of Orange.
It is also thought to be the original inspiration for the phrase “One foot in the grave”, which is how Uxbridge used to like to describe his health after the injury.
Uxbridge was also the recipient of the first ever articulated wooden leg, made from wood, leather and springs, with a hinged knee and ankle. The prosthetic can still be seen at the Paget’s National Trust-owned family home, Plas Newydd, in Wales.
The earl himself went on to live to the age of 85.
He is buried at Lichfield Cathedral where a monument stands in his honour.
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Waterglass painting, by Daniel Maclise, commissioned in 1858 for the new Palace of Westminster, depicting The Meeting of Wellington and Blucher after the Battle of #Waterloo. The central scene shows Wellington meeting with Prussian Marshal Blucher at the La Belle Alliance after the battle of Waterloo, #Wellington's signal and final victory over the French Emperor, #Napoleon.
Wellington is shown mounted on his horse Copenhagen, and beside him is Lord Arthur Hill (later Lord Sandy's), General Somerset and the Hon Henry Percy. A few Life Guards and 1st regiment of Horse Guards blue are shown here and one holds up the tattered standard of the Blues. Next to Blucher also are Gneisenau, Bulow, Ziethen and a black Brunswicker in dark green uniform and death's head cap.
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The Battle of #Waterloo (18 June 1815) marked the end of a campaign by allied armies under Britain’s Duke of #Wellington and Prussia’s Field Marshal Blücher to stop #Napoleon Bonaparte’s final bid for European domination. A milestone in European history, Waterloo ended 23 years of conflict and heralded a new political structure on the continent.
Wellington was one of 17 serving parliamentarians present at the battle. Born Arthur Wellesley, he had joined the British Army in 1787 and quickly risen up the ranks. After making his name in India, he commanded forces against Napoleon in Portugal and Spain during the Peninsular War (1808–14) and was promoted to Field Marshal in 1813.
For his triumphs against the French, Wellesley was made a Peer in 1809. A national hero by 1814, he was generously rewarded by Parliament and took his seat in the House of Lords as the 1st Duke of Wellington. The Battle of Waterloo the following year sealed his military reputation.
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The #Waterloo Medal was the first British medal given to all soldiers present during a campaign regardless of rank. #Wellington himself is believed to have first suggested the idea.
The reverse shows the winged figure of Victory, the words ‘WELLINGTON’ and ‘WATERLOO’, and the date of the battle (18 June 1815). The obverse bears a portrait of the Prince Regent (later George IV).
Each Waterloo Medal was inscribed the name of the recipient along its edge. This medal was awarded to Private John Perchell of the Royal Welch Fusiliers. It is part of the House of Commons collection medals and coins, having been donated by the Conservative MP Sir Howard Vincent in 1908.
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