Atomic Weapons-#*Atoms for Peace -NPT and CTBT*

#*Atoms for Peace -NPT and CTBT* 

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It is time to reflect on the global farce going paraded in the name of the NPT - Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty, and the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty; CTBT. In December 1953 US President Dwight D. Eisenhowerpresented his proposal on "Atoms  for Peace" to the UN General Assembly to create an international organization that may guard against the proliferation of nuclear weapons and promote peaceful uses of nuclear energy. It led to the establishment of the International Atomic Energy Agency -IAEA - in 1957. Amongst several developments, The NPT was opened for signatures in 1970. It is a multilateral agreement with 189 States and five ‘official’ nuclear nations.

The CTBT was approved by the

UN General Assembly on

September 1996 and opened for signatures on September 24 of 1996. India is not a signatory to both of these, CTBT and NPT indeed remain discriminatory not only in percept but also the practice. Does it not astonish that a couple of nations appropriate certain privileges for themselves that they could conduct nuclear tests - but expect others not to enter that privileged area? India has consistently continued its research in areas of its choice and has never surrendered to the bullying nature of certain well-known pressures. Today, India stands surrounded by two rouge nuclear nations that have all along been a security risk.

The US was the first to have successfully conducted an atomic explosion on July. 16, 1945. It was also the first and the last to have dropped atom

bombs on the civilian popalation, that too with in a month: August 6, 1943, on Hiroshima and on August 9, 1943, on Nagasaki. Almost four years later, USSR conducted its atomic explosion on August 29, 1949. The UK became a member of this club on October 30, 1952; and France on February 13, 1960. All four were members of the UN Security Council with Veto rights. China conducted its first nuclear explosion on October 16 of 1964. It could get an entry only in 1971. One must appreciate the Indian political leadership for having realized the nature of NPT and CTBT that are the creations of the imperialists of yester-years. They were and remain keen to explore and insert such treaties and provisions that would shackle the developing nations that were just out of the yoke of colonialism.

During the one-year period, the numbers for US and Russia came down; 5428 to 5244 for the US and from 5977 to 5899 in the case of Russia. Numbers remain the same: in the case of France and the UK; at 290 and 225 respectively. India and Pakistan possess 164 and 170 nuclear weapons at this stage. Israel and South Korea are the other players at 90 and 30 only. The estimated number of Atomic Weapons globally is 12,512 in January 2023.

Ofthese, 9576 were ready for the use of respective defence forces.

It is also estimated that 3844 of these are fitted to missiles and 

fighter planes, ready to strike ahead the moment they receive the command! Apart from the fabulous-five, India and Pakistan are also nuclear nations. So are Israel and North Korea.

There could be one or two more also that remain permanent susport in the eyes of the US and Israel Imagine the vulnerability of India’s security if it had not become a nuclear power. India now stands with its head high only because is political leadership, irrespective of opposite political ideologies, did not compromise on national satety and security, and displayed couroge and futuristic viston in remaining out of the NPT and CTBT. In June it was noted that India could take its own stand - in national interest -and NATO powers could not intimidate it by imposing sanctions.

One could also time to recall with gratitude the role of Dr Homi Jahangir Bhabha in envisioning the nuclear needs of free india, and persuading the Tatas to establish the first and only research institute in nuclear physics in India in 1945, The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research -TIFR. He was also responsible for the creation of the Department of Atomic Energy DAE - in 1958. Several other initiatives followed. Under the leadership of Dr Bhabha, India created its own high standards of research in nuclear sciences. The experience of the 1971 war with Pakistan made Indian political decision makers think afresh. Prime Minister Indira Gandhi approved nuclear tests, and these, now known as Pokhran I were conducted on May 18, 1974 Atal Bihari Vaipayce made it happen again, and the Pokhran I hap pened on May 11, and May 13 of 1998. It is the preparedness achieved, by India that stands guarantee against is belligerent neighbours.

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